A non-invasive method of glucose monitoring using FR4 material based microwave antenna sensor

Abstract This work presents a unique non-invasive method for monitoring glucose levels in blood using planar Yagi–Uda antenna as microwave sensor. The proposed antenna, operating at 5.5 GHz, exhibits directional radiation pattern with peak gain of 6.74 dBi. A low-cost FR4 material size 30 mm × 40 1.6 is used dielectric substrate. human finger phantom, comprising layers skin, fat, blood, and bone, created GHz EM simulation tool mimicking real finger. phantom positioned different locations around the corresponding frequency shifts are remarked to variation concentration from 0–500 mg/dL. An exemplary shift maximum 26 MHz recorded when placed bottom antenna. Time domain analysis also carried out understand effect on output signal amplitude delay. Simulated results found be stupendous agreement measured results. experiment placing fabricated splendid correspondence simulated Hence, this mechanism can expedient blood.